Central Facility for Microscopy
Our Expertise
The Central Facility for Microscopy, or ZEIM for short, provides the equipment and expertise for the preparation and examination of biological samples. For these tasks, ZEIM has several fluorescence microscopes (FM), confocal microscopes (CLSM), two transmission electron microscopes (TEM), and a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), as well as the necessary peripheral preparation equipment.
Since microscopic experiments are usually diverse and must meet specific requirements, the ZEIM team works closely with scientists to use or establish preparation methods and imaging techniques tailored to the intended experiment. ZEIM has access to a large portfolio of different methods of light and electron microscopy.
Decades of experience in the electron microscopic preparation of biological samples is a particular strength of our EM service. Among other things, ZEIM offers the possibility of infecting cell lines with pathogenic bacteria or provides support in the morphological description of newly isolated bacteria or bacteriophages. In addition to sample preparation and image acquisition, this also includes the evaluation and creation of images for publications.
In the FM/CLSM area, scientists are assisted in taking images using fluorescence or confocal microscopes or receive appropriate training to take images independently. In addition to classic fluorescence labeling, double labeling is also offered to distinguish between extracellular and intracellular bacteria.
In addition to the actual service work, we are actively involved in scientific collaborations. We use imaging techniques and subsequent analyses to address relevant questions posed by our partners. The strong microbiological and cell biological expertise of the ZEIM team plays a particularly important role in this context. One focus of our research is the visualization of the kinetic behavior of antimicrobial substances within bacterial communities—so-called biofilms—using various microscopy techniques. A particular focus is on the two clinically relevant model organisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. However, projects involving other bacteria (e.g., streptococci) and fungi (e.g., Candida) are also being carried out with strong cooperation partners.
Our Expertise
The Central Facility for Microscopy, or ZEIM for short, provides the equipment and expertise for the preparation and examination of biological samples. For these tasks, ZEIM has several fluorescence microscopes (FM), confocal microscopes (CLSM), two transmission electron microscopes (TEM), and a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), as well as the necessary peripheral preparation equipment.
Since microscopic experiments are usually diverse and must meet specific requirements, the ZEIM team works closely with scientists to use or establish preparation methods and imaging techniques tailored to the intended experiment. ZEIM has access to a large portfolio of different methods of light and electron microscopy.
Decades of experience in the electron microscopic preparation of biological samples is a particular strength of our EM service. Among other things, ZEIM offers the possibility of infecting cell lines with pathogenic bacteria or provides support in the morphological description of newly isolated bacteria or bacteriophages. In addition to sample preparation and image acquisition, this also includes the evaluation and creation of images for publications.
In the FM/CLSM area, scientists are assisted in taking images using fluorescence or confocal microscopes or receive appropriate training to take images independently. In addition to classic fluorescence labeling, double labeling is also offered to distinguish between extracellular and intracellular bacteria.
In addition to the actual service work, we are actively involved in scientific collaborations. We use imaging techniques and subsequent analyses to address relevant questions posed by our partners. The strong microbiological and cell biological expertise of the ZEIM team plays a particularly important role in this context. One focus of our research is the visualization of the kinetic behavior of antimicrobial substances within bacterial communities—so-called biofilms—using various microscopy techniques. A particular focus is on the two clinically relevant model organisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. However, projects involving other bacteria (e.g., streptococci) and fungi (e.g., Candida) are also being carried out with strong cooperation partners.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Besides negative-staining for bacteria, bacteriophages or vesicles, representing a rather fast method in EM, a portfolio of different embedding schemes are available. This includes low temperature embedding and high pressure freezing with freeze substitution and subsequent analysis of samples in ultrathin sections via TEM. ZEIM has also experience in performing immuno cytochemical stainings for detecting pathogenicity factors with the help of antibodies and gold nanoparticles in eukaryotic cells or bacteria.
EQUIPMENT:
- Transmission electron microscope Zeiss Libra120 Plus
- Transmission electron microscope Zeiss TEM910
- Ultramicrotome Leica UC7 with cryo chamber FC7
- Ultramicrotome Reichert Ultracut S
- High Pressure Freezer Leica EM-Pact 1
- Freeze substitution Leica EM AFS
- Coating Unit Bal-Tec MED 020
Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)
For high-resolution FESEM studies standard protocols have been established which should result in a first satisfying preparation of samples to be investigated. This way infection processes and surface structures can be precisely visualized. However, new preparation methods will be customized and established if needed for special experiments. Similar to TEM, FESEM can be coupled with immuno cytometry to select your targets of interest.
EQUIPMENT:
- Field emission scanning electron microscope Zeiss Merlin with Atlas, STEM Detector, EsB-Detector for material contrast, Shuttle&Find for CLEM (correlative light- and electron microscopy), and Oxford EDX Aztec with X-Max Detector
- Critical-Point Drying Leica EM CPD300
- Sputter Coater Bal-Tec SCD 500
Fluorescence (FM) and confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM)
FM/CLSM offer the possibilities to visualize selectively stained compartments of your cells. Thereby staining is achieved by various means including fluorescent dyes, fluorescent proteins or fluorescently labeled antibodies. The big advantage towards EM: You can visualize both live and fixed specimen. In case of three-dimensional structures CLSM is the microscope of choice since it allows acquiring optical sections, which can be reconstructed to 3D volumes afterwards with the commercial image analysis software Imaris, which is available in ZEIM.
EQUIPMENT:
- Zeiss Axio Imager A2
- Zeiss Axio Imager A1
- Zeiss Axio Observer Z1 with apotome
- Zeiss Imager Z2
- Leica SP5 upright confocal laser-scanning microscope
- Leica SP8 inverse confocal laser-scanning microscope
- Image analysis software: Imaris version 9.3. (Oxford Instruments)
Making the invisible visible is the strength of microscopy, because only then can we gain fascinating insights into a world that would otherwise remain hidden from us.
Mathias Müsken studied molecular biotechnology at Bielefeld University from 2000 to 2006. Even then, he was focusing on the field of microbiology, in this case the investigation of the proteome of Corynebacterium jeikeium. As an ERASMUS student, he also had the opportunity to study at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. 2006, in the year the HZI was founded, he began his doctorate in Braunschweig, which took him back to Stockholm for six months, this time to the Karolinska Institute. Microscopy had long been a central part of his work, and the microscopic methods for the quantitative analysis of bacterial biofilms established in his doctoral thesis still accompany him today. He then worked as a postdoc in the department “Molecular Bacteriology” at Twincore in Hannover, where he attempted to optimize old antibiotics for the treatment of biofilms and identify new biofilm-active substances in large-scale screens. In 2017, he returned to the HZI and the Central Facility for Microscopy. Mathias Müsken took over this position in 2021 and has since been responsible for managing the platform. In addition to his many years of experience in the field of live cell microscopy, he is an expert in the electron microscopy techniques offered.
Selected Publications
Engelhardt F, Turnbull K, Gür M, Müsken M, Preusse M, Häussler S, Roghanian M. (p)ppGpp imposes graded transcriptional changes to impair motility and promote antibiotic tolerance in biofilms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2025 Aug 1;11(1):148. doi: 10.1038/s41522-025-00795-7.
Osbelt L, Almási ÉDH, Wende M, Kienesberger S, Voltz A, Lesker TR, Muthukumarasamy U, Knischewski N, Nordmann E, Bielecka AA, Giralt-Zúñiga M, Kaganovitch E, Kühne C, Baier C, Pietsch M, Müsken M, Greweling-Pils MC, Breinbauer R, Flieger A, Schlüter D, Müller R, Erhardt M, Zechner EL, Strowig T. Klebsiella oxytoca inhibits Salmonella infection through multiple microbiotacontext-dependent mechanisms. Nat Microbiol. 2024 Jul;9(7):1792-1811. doi: 10.1038/s41564-024-01710-0
Bublitz A, Brauer M, Wagner S, Hofer W, Müsken M, Deschner F, Lesker TR, Neumann-Schaal M, Paul LS, Nübel U, Bartel J, Kany AM, Zühlke D, Bernecker S, Jansen R, Sievers S, Riedel K, Herrmann J, Müller R, Fuchs TM, Strowig T. The natural product chlorotonil A preserves colonization resistance and prevents relapsing Clostridioides difficile infection. Cell Host Microbe. 2023 May 10;31(5):734-750.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.04.003.
Müsken M, Pawar V, Schwebs T, Bähre H, Felgner S, Weiss S, Häussler S. Breaking the vicious cycle of antibiotic killing and regrowth of biofilm-residing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 Nov 26;62(12):e01635-18. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01635-18
Müsken M, Di Fiore S, Römling U, Häussler S. A 96-well-plate-based optical method for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and its application to susceptibility testing. Nat Protoc. 2010 Aug;5(8):1460-9. doi: 0.1038/nprot.2010.110