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After exposure to a virus through infection or vaccination, the body activates a number of cells and mechanisms that can provide targeted defense against the pathogen. For the global containment of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the question of how long this protection lasts is an important factor. Prof Carlos Guzmán, vaccine researcher at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) in Braunschweig, Germany, summarizes what is known about long-term immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and what difference it makes whether immunity is acquired through vaccination or infection.