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Vaccination affords the best protection from many infectious diseases. Vaccines are usually administered with a syringe, but researchers are working on alternatives – like a nasal spray or a vaccination cream. These would not only avoid the unpleasant injection, but even increase the effectiveness. Vaccines usually contain killed or attenuated pathogens and are injected into the patient. This ensures that the entire vaccine truly ends up inside the body. Recognising the pathogens in the vaccine as dangerous foreign material, the immune system prepares itself for defence. The administration by injection with a syringe has its drawbacks as well: It is not the natural pathway of infection and the elicited immune response therefore does not always afford optimal protection from the pathogen. Vaccination also requires trained personnel that simply is not available everywhere and at all times, especially in less developed countries.

Over the past few years, public awareness of the microbial communities in our gut has grown significantly – partially thanks to Giulia Enders' book "Gut: The Inside Story Of Our Body's Most Under-Rated Organ". Scientific studies on antibiotics and the microbiota have also attracted attention: The use of these products is hypothesised to disrupt the sensitive inhabitants of our intestine and may cause serious damage. So how can we protect our gut flora against this?